- Digital images: pixels, colour spaces (RGB, HSV, YCbCr, LAB), bit depth
- Image formation: pinhole camera model, lens distortion, intrinsic and extrinsic parameters
- Spatial filtering: convolution (2D), kernels, edge detection (Sobel, Canny), blurring (Gaussian, median)
- Frequency domain: Fourier transform of images, low-pass and high-pass filtering
- Histograms, histogram equalisation, thresholding (Otsu)
- Feature extraction: corners (Harris, Shi-Tomasi), blobs (SIFT, SURF, ORB), HOG descriptors
- Image pyramids and scale space